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Digital Puerto Rican Newspapers for Genealogy: A Free Online Guide

Posted in Ancestry, Ancestry Research, Caribbean genealogy, Puerto Rico genealogy, Puerto Rico newspapers, Spanish colonial records, Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , on April 20, 2026| Leave a Comment »

Most Puerto Rican genealogists start in the same place: civil registration records, census data, and church baptisms. Those are the right first steps. But there is a whole category of historical sources that most researchers never open, and it is sitting online, free, waiting for you.

I am talking about newspapers.

Puerto Rican newspapers published birth announcements, marriage notices, obituaries, legal notices, property transactions, and ship arrivals. They named enslaved people as being freed and freedpeople as disputing labor contracts. They published the names of militia officers, business partners, and godparents. They covered events that left no trace in official records.

And the best collections are completely free.

Puerto Rico Electoral Census (1888): Voter Lists for Rincón and Mayagüez
Puerto Rico Electoral Census (1888): Voter Lists for Rincón and Mayagüez

Why Newspapers Fill Gaps That Other Records Cannot

Civil registration in Puerto Rico did not begin until 1885. Church records go back further, but they are incomplete, hard to access, and sometimes lost. For the decades between the 1840s and 1885, newspapers are often the best source you have for finding your ancestors by name.

Even after 1885, newspapers add something civil records cannot: narrative. A death certificate tells you when someone died. An esquela (the formal death notice published in Puerto Rican papers) may tell you where they were born, what they did for a living, who their parents were, which church they belonged to, and which relatives survived them. That is a life history in a single clipping.

Legal notices in colonial papers reveal property, debt, and family structure in ways that go far beyond what a census captures. The Gaceta de Puerto Rico, the official Spanish colonial government gazette, published royal decrees, land grants, militia appointments, and slave trade records. It ran from 1806 to 1902, making it one of the longest-running and most genealogically rich newspapers in Caribbean history.

Six Puerto Rican Newspapers Every Genealogist Should Know

Gaceta de Puerto Rico (1806-1902)

The oldest and most authoritative paper on the island. As the official colonial gazette, it published government notices, legal records, property transactions, and announcements of births, marriages, and deaths. It is especially valuable for slavery research: manumission notices, runaway slave advertisements, and slave sale notices ran throughout the slavery period, which ended in 1873. After abolition, it published liberto (freedperson) labor contract disputes.

Chronicling America (Library of Congress) has 10,643 digitized issues from 1836 to 1902, fully searchable and free. Search the Gaceta de Puerto Rico

Boletín Mercantil de Puerto Rico (1839-1918)

The second most important paper of the colonial era. The Boletín Mercantil is especially rich for reconstructing the economic and social lives of ancestors connected to commerce, landholding, or elite networks. Property sales, business partnerships, and travel notices appear throughout its run. Chronicling America has 34 of 37 years in print available. Search the Boletín Mercantil

La Correspondencia de Puerto Rico (1890-1943)

Founded in San Juan on December 18, 1890 by Ramón B. López, this one-cent paper was designed to reach the general public and quickly became the largest circulating daily on the island, with a print run of 5,000 copies a day. It is considered the first daily news report in Puerto Rico accessible to a wider public. Vital notices in La Correspondencia often include detailed family information that you will not find in official records. Chronicling America holds issues from the late 1800s through the early 1900s. Search La Correspondencia

La Democracia, Ponce (1890-1948)

Founded and published by Luis Muñoz Rivera, Puerto Rican poet, journalist, and politician. La Democracia was first published in Ponce in 1890 and is valuable for political activity, community leadership, and land issues. Chronicling America has 4,244+ digitized issues from 1891 to 1907. Search La Democracia

El Mundo (1919-1990)

The major conservative daily of the 20th century, El Mundo is now fully digitized and open access. The archive covers 1919 to 1990 and is full-text searchable, making it an exceptional resource for 20th-century vital notices, obituaries, and local events. It was made publicly available through the GPA CRL Alliance, a partnership between East View Information Services and the Center for Research Libraries (CRL), funded specifically to benefit scholars and the general public at no cost. Search El Mundo

El Imparcial (1918-1970s)

Covered the political and economic impacts of U.S. control. Available through the Eastview Global Press Archive (subscription) and partially through the Digital Library of the Caribbean. Browse El Imparcial at dLOC

Free Platforms: Where to Search

Chronicling America (Library of Congress)
The best starting point for Puerto Rican newspaper research. Filter by state/territory (Puerto Rico), then by newspaper title and date range. Six Puerto Rican titles, more than 33,000 issues, 1756 to 1963. Free. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC)
The Caribbean Newspaper Digital Library (CNDL) holds 130+ 18th and 19th century newspapers from 22 Caribbean islands, covering 1718 to 1876. Built by a consortium of 90+ institutions including the University of Florida and Florida International University. Includes Spanish, English, and French language papers. Essential for tracking migration between Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and other islands. dloc.com

El Mundo Digital Archive
Full open access to 71 years of Puerto Rico’s major daily. Search by keyword, browse by date. No subscription required. UC Berkeley announcement with link

Archivo Digital Nacional de Puerto Rico (ADNPR)
Searchable repository of Puerto Rican archives, maps, newspapers, government gazettes, and periodicals. adnpr.net

Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña (UPR)
The University of Puerto Rico’s digital collections include newspapers, manuscripts, photographs, and rare books. upr.contentdm.oclc.org

Hemeroteca Digital (Biblioteca Nacional de España)
Spain’s national library has fully digitized and made searchable historical Spanish-language newspapers, including some with coverage of the Caribbean. Free. bdh.bne.es

What to Look For Once You Find the Right Paper

Once you find the right newspaper, search beyond just your ancestor’s name. Colonial and early 20th-century Puerto Rican papers published:

  • Birth, marriage, and death announcements with family details
  • Esquelas: formal death notices naming parents, spouse, children, and community ties
  • Property transfers, tax assessments, and probate filings
  • Business licenses and partnerships (many were family enterprises)
  • Guardianship appointments (which tell you there were minor children)
  • Ship arrival and departure lists (migration evidence)
  • Manumission notices and slave advertisements (pre-1873)
  • Godparent relationships (padrinos) that reveal extended family networks
  • Censo electoral para Diputados a Cortes (electoral census lists): official voter eligibility rolls for Spanish parliamentary elections, published in the colonial press

A note on electoral census lists: These rolls name voters by full name, municipality, barrio, and qualification (property ownership, income, or recognized occupation). Because voter eligibility was restricted to propertied and educated men, an ancestor’s appearance is a strong indicator of economic standing and places them precisely in a barrio at a specific date. If your ancestor does not appear, that does not mean they were not present: it means they did not meet the restricted criteria.

Search Tips That Will Save You Time

Try spelling variations. Surnames were Hispanicized, accent marks were dropped in typesetting, and transcriptions are imperfect. Search just the first three or four letters of a surname to cast a wider net.

Search for women differently. Women were often listed as “wife of [husband’s name]” rather than by their own name. If you cannot find a woman directly, search for her husband and read nearby announcements.

Browse when keyword searches fail. If you know approximately when your ancestor was alive in a particular town, browse issues from that period rather than searching by name. The context you find around other families will orient you.

Document your negative searches. If you searched a title, date range, and found nothing, write it down. A documented absence is a data point. It tells future you (and anyone reading your research) what was already checked.

Cross the colonial boundaries. Puerto Rican families moved between islands. The dLOC holds newspapers from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and other Caribbean islands that may name your relatives in a way no Puerto Rican paper does.

Paid Options Worth Knowing

If you have a subscription, these platforms add depth:

PlatformWhat it holds
GenealogyBankPuerto Rican marriage records with biographical detail; claims 95% exclusive content
Latin American Newsstream (ProQuest)Full-text access to 41 Puerto Rican newspapers (requires university or public library card)

Start Here

If you have never used newspaper research for your Puerto Rican family, start with Chronicling America. Go to the site, select Puerto Rico as the state, and search your oldest known surname alongside the town your family came from. Spend twenty minutes browsing. You may not find your ancestor on the first try, but you will learn what the papers look like, how names were recorded, and what was happening in your ancestral town.

Newspapers do not replace civil records or church registers. They work alongside them. When the official record gives you a name and a date, the newspaper gives you the story.

*Want to go deeper? I have put together a free five-lesson mini-course on using Puerto Rican newspapers for genealogy, hosted at PuertoRicanGenealogy.org. It walks through each platform step by step, with search exercises and case studies. Check out Looking for Ancestors in Historical Puerto Rican Newspapers

© 2026 Sylvia Vargas. looking4myroots.co. All rights reserved.

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Funeral Cards and Puerto Rican Genealogy Research

Posted in Ancestry Research, Family History, Puerto Rican Ancestry, Uncategorized, tagged , , , on March 13, 2026| Leave a Comment »

A few years ago, my Tia Vidalina gave me a box of Funeral Cards (“tarjetas de recuerdo“) from funerals she had attended over the years. Each card offered prayers and simple artwork to remember a loved one — cousins, uncles, aunts, parents, grandparents, and many others I don’t recognize but who mattered deeply to someone. To help keep this tradition alive, I returned the box with an album so she could store the collection properly. It’s a keepsake she may one day donate to a local historical society.

I scanned every card, and today I uploaded it to PuertoRicanGenealogy.org, where they can help other researchers trace their own Puerto Rican family histories. There are only 154 cards, but hopefully they will help others with genealogy research.

How the Dead Are Remembered in Rincón

In my family’s hometown of Rincón, Puerto Rico, deaths are not announced through newspaper obituaries. There are several reasons for this — the absence of a local paper, but more fundamentally, because earlier generations could not read. Both of my grandfathers were illiterate. My maternal grandfather was born in 1892 and died in 1973; my paternal grandfather was born in 1889 and died in 1985. They were farmers, and for them, education was a luxury unnecessary given the more immediate demands of tilling the soil and feeding a family.

To this day, a car with a loudspeaker drives through the streets of Rincón to announce deaths and share funeral details.

Funeral Cards are another way people preserve the memory of the dead. A card is printed for each person who passed, often with a prayer and a small image. People kept them, sometimes with a candle burning nearby, as a way to pray for the soul of the deceased or simply to hold them close. Tia Vidalina’s box represents decades of that practice — a physical archive of loss and remembrance that might otherwise disappear.

My First Wake: Cangelo Vargas, December 1968

My first experience of death and mourning came in December 1968. The head of the Vargas family in New York was my Tio Canjo — Cangelo Vargas — the oldest son of my paternal grandfather. He died on December 23, 1968, from a blood clot following surgery. He was the first person I lost.

Cangelo had come to New York with his cousins in the late 1930s. Work was scarce in Puerto Rico during the Depression years, and he took whatever jobs he could find — waiter, cook, hotel work of every kind — sending most of his earnings back to Rincón to support his father, brothers, sisters, and stepmother. In 1942, Cangelo and his cousins joined the Army after the United States entered World War II. After the war, he used the networks he had built in New York to help his brothers, sisters, and many cousins find work in the city, as employment on the island remained difficult to come by.

When Cangelo died, his body was sent back to Rincón so his father could bury him. No parent should face that, but life does not ask permission.

The Novena in Washington Heights

At the time, our family lived at 565 West 171st Street in Manhattan, and most of our Vargas and Valentín relatives were within a few blocks. That proximity made our community unusually tight, and it showed most clearly in grief.

Most families could not afford to travel to Puerto Rico for the funeral, so we held a novena — a nine-night rosary prayer — in New York. A novena was still done in Puerto Rico, but for families away from the rituals of saying goodbye to a loved one, this was the only affordable option. These gatherings were somber, but they also gave us children something we needed: the presence of family, a sense of continuity, and even, in moments, joy. Food was shared, stories were told, and the apartment was filled with people who loved the same man.

I don’t attend church regularly anymore, but I’ve never stopped finding the rosary useful. It functions for me as meditation — a ritual that quiets the mind and, when I’m far from family in Seattle, closes some of the distance. Catholic Mass in Seattle is not what I grew up with in New York. The music is different. The community is different. I miss what I knew.

Sharing What Survives

The cards I scanned from Tia Vidalina’s collection are now part of the archive at PuertoRicanGenealogy.org – Tools – Funeral Cards. Many of them belong to people I can identify within my own family tree. Others remain unknown to me, but they were known to someone, and that matters.

If you have a Funeral/Memory/etc/ Card you’d like to contribute, you can email puertoricangenealogygroup@gmail.com, and I will add it to our site’s database. If not, add it to a FindAGrave memorial page. I added one for Tio Canjo: Cangelo Vargas — FindAGrave Memorial.

These cards are small things, but they survive when people do not. I hope this collection helps someone find who they’ve been looking for.

https://puertoricangenealogy.org/funeral-cards

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Making the Americas: Routes, Journeys, and Destinations – Day 1

Posted in Ancestry Research, Puerto Rican Ancestry, Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Genealogia, Uncategorized, tagged , on November 10, 2025| Leave a Comment »

San Juan, Puerto Rico – October 23, 2025

I attended the conference Haciendo las Américas: Routes, Journeys, and Destinations, in San Juan, Puerto Rico from Oct 23 thru 25. The Sociedad Puertoriquena de Genealogia organized the joint celebration of multiple events. These included the XXIV American Genealogy Meeting, the XIV Ibero-American Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences, and the III Puerto Rican Genealogy Congress.

The first day of the Congreso opened my eyes to the Caribbean’s rich tapestry. Migration, defense, and resilience have shaped this region. From noble title controversies to family sagas spanning continents, each presentation revealed another layer of our shared history.

Noble Titles and Genealogical Fraud

Javier Gómez de Olea y Bustinza from Madrid opened the conference with a fascinating forensic genealogy case. As Director of the Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, he exposed the falsification used in 1918 to rehabilitate the title of Count of Santa Ana de las Torres. The legitimate lineage traced back to Don Nicolás de Ribera “El Viejo,” the first mayor of Lima, but somewhere along the way, fabricated documents crept into the record. Co-authored with Peruvian genealogist Mela Bryce, this presentation reminded us that rigorous documentation is essential—and that even noble titles aren’t immune to historical manipulation.

Courageous Women Crossing the Atlantic

Enrique Javier Yarza Rovira from Montevideo shared a compelling story about the founding of Uruguay between 1724 and 1730. The Spanish Crown recruited families from the Canary Islands, who arrived in two waves (1726 and 1729). What struck me most was his focus on women traveling alone in 1729, some of them heads of households. These courageous women left everything behind to build new lives in an unknown land.

His presentation sparked a personal connection for me. Enrique mentioned that ships bound for the Americas routinely picked up crew and families in Tenerife, particularly in the area of Santa Cruz. Could this explain how my family’s Barrio Cruz (now Cruces) in Rincón, Puerto Rico was settled by Canary Island immigrants? It’s a thread I’m eager to pull.

Fortifying the New World

Dr. Milagros Flores Román transported us to the 16th century with her presentation on Bautista Antonelli, the military engineer who designed the first defensive system protecting Spain’s Caribbean holdings. As Spanish territories faced constant threats from European rivals, Antonelli crafted strategic fortifications that would define the region’s geopolitical landscape. The port of San Juan emerged as a crucial defensive anchor in this system—a fact that continues to echo through the city’s historic architecture today.

From Burgos to Colombia: The Santodomingo Saga

Rocío Sánchez Del Real from Colombia shared a fascinating detective story. While researching the wealthy Santodomingo family—once Colombia’s richest—she set out to verify rumors of Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Instead, she uncovered something equally compelling: a migration route that began in 15th-century Burgos, Spain, wound through Nantes, France, contributed to Haiti’s Santodomingo Colony, survived the Haitian Revolution, and finally landed in New Granada. This wasn’t just genealogy; it was a story of migration, slavery, wealth creation, and eventual return to Europe in the 21st century. All documented through a 1577 patent of nobility from Philip II and various civil and ecclesiastical records.

Hidden Stories of Faith

Dr. Albeyra L. Rodríguez Pérez presented groundbreaking research on Judaizing individuals who migrated to the Caribbean during the 17th century. Using inquisitorial documents—causas de fe and passenger licenses—she revealed migration patterns and family networks that have received little scholarly attention. This work opens new windows into the religious and cultural dynamics of colonial Caribbean life.

The Round-Trip Journey

Professor Aníbal de la Cruz Pérez—whom I noted as “a hoot!”—shared his family’s story with both humor and wisdom. The Pérez-Gallosa family journey between the Bay of Cádiz and Puerto Rico spanned from 1750 to 2013. His presentation asked fundamental questions: Why? For what purpose? When? How? And to where should we return? After 250 years, his family made that return journey, offering valuable lessons for anyone contemplating their own genealogical pilgrimage.

Destiny or Coincidence?

Rosana Medina Peraza explored the experiences of travelers from Lanzarote who set out for one destination in the Americas and ended up in Puerto Rico by chance. Despite suffering invasions, natural disasters, and economic hardship, Canary Islanders emigrated during the 19th and 20th centuries. Notarial records reveal how they sold properties, arranged powers of attorney, and settled debts before departure—leaving paper trails that now help us understand their journeys.

Modern Tools for Ancient Roots

Arturo Cuellar González from FamilySearch demonstrated how artificial intelligence is revolutionizing genealogical research. With over 30 years of experience and degrees from BYU and the University of Utah, Cuellar showed how modern technology can help us unlock centuries-old records more efficiently than ever before.

The Royal Decree that Changed Everything

Dr. Raquel Rosario Rivera examined the Real Cédula de Gracias of 1815—arguably the most critical regulation in 19th-century Puerto Rican history. This decree catalyzed dramatic economic growth through the establishment of new plantations, businesses, sawmills, and industries. Capital investment, the influx of enslaved people, and new machinery transformed Puerto Rico’s economy.

What struck me most was how long its effects lasted. Though officially limited to 15 years and supposedly repealed in 1836, the decree’s influence extended until 1851, and land grants continued until 1875. For 37 years, it remained essentially unchanged, fundamentally reshaping Puerto Rico’s landscape. I learned about “Baldío” land—an inaccessible, uncultivable territory that was nevertheless “given” under the decree’s provisions.

Looking Ahead

Day 1 left me energized and full of questions. The connections between the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico, the hidden stories of religious minorities, the economic transformations of the 1815 decree, and the exposure of genealogical fraud—each presentation opened new avenues for exploration.

Day 2 was also exciting with more discoveries as the congress continued. For anyone tracing Caribbean roots, this gathering proves invaluable: it’s not just about finding names and dates, but understanding the forces—economic, political, religious, and personal—that shaped our ancestors’ choices and journeys.

Stay tuned for Day 2 highlights…

Conference Details:

Resources Mentioned:

Connect with Speakers:

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Documenting Our Puerto Rican Roots, One Grave at a Time

Posted in Ancestry, Ancestry Research, Family History, Family Photos, Puerto Rican Ancestry on May 29, 2025| Leave a Comment »

In Puerto Rico, many cemeteries are old and damaged. Storms, financial difficulties, and time constraints have made it challenging to keep them safe. These places hold the names and stories of our family members. If we don’t act now, we will lose them forever.

That’s why I started adding my family to FindAGrave.com. It’s a free website where you can create pages in memory of people who have passed away. You can add their names, photos, and stories so others can learn about them too.

I made a special page for my dear mother and her parents:

🌹 Aurora Valentín Ramos (1934–2017)

I was inspired by my husband’s ancestors on the site. His family, on the website, goes back to 1791:

👉 Angeline T. Beatie

Even if you only make one page, it helps. Every name we add keeps their memory alive. It also allows other people who are looking for their family.

Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Memorials on FindAGrave.com

Creating digital memorials on FindAGrave.com is a free and powerful way to honor your loved ones and preserve Puerto Rican heritage. Here’s how to get started:

✅ How to Create a Memorial:

  1. Create a Free Account: Visit FindAGrave.com and sign up for a free account.
  2. Search Before You Add: Use the search feature to check if the person is already listed, avoiding duplicates.
  3. Add a New Memorial:
    • Click “Add a Memorial”
    • Enter full name, birth and death dates, and burial location
    • Choose or create the correct cemetery
  4. Upload Photos
    • Add headstone images or personal photos
    • Upload documents or obituaries if available
  5. Write a Short Biography: Share a few lines about their life, family, and legacy.
  6. Link to Relatives: Connect spouses, parents, children, and siblings who are also listed on the site.
  7. Update and Share: Continue to refine the memorial as you discover new facts, and share it with family.
Tombstones in a cemetery in Puerto Rico, featuring the names Aurora Valentín Ramos and Monserrate Ramos Muñoz, along with inscriptions and flowers.
Close-up of a weathered cemetery gravestone with names and dates etched into the surface, honoring Justa M. Silva and Jesus Ramos Acevedo.
My Great Grandparents’ Tombstone

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Discovering Genealogy Resources at FamilySearch Library

Posted in Ancestry Research, Family History, Puerto Rican Ancestry, Uncategorized, tagged on March 7, 2025| Leave a Comment »

I am in Salt Lake City this week, attending RootsTech 2025. I had the pleasure of connecting this morning with Kathy Weber, the president of the Seattle Genealogical Society. Although we have conducted genealogy research for years, this is our first time at this conference. Kathy has introduced me to many experts, and by noon on Wednesday, May 5th, I’m already having a fantastic time.

At FamilySearch Library. Kathy Weber and Sylvia Vargas at RootsTech 2025

After breakfast, we walked to our destination for the day, the FamilySearch Library. For me, this place feels like the “Rome of genealogy.” While many Puerto Rico resources are available online, exploring several shelves of books on Puerto Rico is truly inspiring. I feel privileged to read works by Estela Cifre de Loubriel, the grand dame of Puerto Rican genealogy. Some of her books are available as digital images, such as La inmigración a Puerto Rico durante el Siglo XIX, but I can’t help but feel excited to hold and read the hardcover editions while taking notes.

While browsing through the books at the FamilySearch Library, I discovered a book titled *Cabo Rojo: Notas para su Historia*. Out of curiosity, I conducted a Google search to check for a digital copy. I was thrilled to find that Rutgers University’s Center for Latin American Studies has digitized the entire series. They have a collaborative project with archival institutions in Puerto Rico.

I highly recommend checking out the links from the search at Notas para Su Historia: Municipal Histories of Puerto Rico to learn about the towns’ history.

My next post will be about various sessions on DNA and AI, as well as the new FamilyTree Maker 2024 features to support hyphenated last names. Not a perfect solution for our Spanish paternal and maternal names, but great progress.
Note: Family Tree Maker 2024 will be released within two weeks.

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US Census for Puerto Rico – Reading the Columns

Posted in Ancestry Research, Family History, Uncategorized, tagged , on December 10, 2024| Leave a Comment »

After reviewing my notes on various information sources, I realized that I still needed to transcribe all the columns from the US Census for Puerto Rico related to my ancestors. I began this process by attempting to decipher the column headings. However, even with maximum magnification on my monitor, I struggled to read them.

I decided to focus on understanding the enumerator’s handwriting in the Census rather than the printed column headings. To assist with this, I searched for resources that could provide the titles of each column. While I could generally interpret the content of my ancestors’ responses, I needed help comprehending the context of the questions included in the Census.

I found an excellent resource for the 1930 Census on a Roots Web page: Roots Web – 1930 US Census – Column List.
However, I noticed that the version for Puerto Rico did not contain all the same questions, and the order of the columns was sometimes different.

Below is my latest effort in translating the columns. I still need to work on adding the Spanish terms for each column. I hope this information can assist others on their Puerto Rican genealogy journey.

Check back as I add the 1910, 1920, 1940, and 1950 Census column descriptions.

1930 US Census for Puerto Rico – Census Columns

COLUMN #English/Spanish Description
Line Number
1Street Address
2House Number
3Attended school before sep 1, 1929
4Family Number
5 – ExtractedSurname
5 – ExtractedGiven Name
6Relation to Head (Parentesco)
7Home Owned or Rented (Casa Propria or alquilada)
8Home Value
9Gender (Sexo)
10Race
11Age
(Calculated in Ancestry)Estimated Birth Year
12Marital Status
13Attended School before sep 1, 1929
14Able to Read and Write
15Birthplace
16Father’s Birthplace
17Mother’s Birthplace
18Language used before migrating to US or Puerto Rico?
19Year immigrated to US or Puerto Rico?
20Naturalized?
21Speak English (¿Hablas inglés?)?
22Occupation
23Industry
24Class of Worker/Trabajador
E= Employee, D=Dueno/Owner
25UNEMPLOYED—Does this person regularly work in a lucrative business?
Spanish – ¿Esta persona trabaja regularmente en un negocio lucrativo?
26UNEMPLOYED: Are you currently unemployed?
27UNEMPLOYED: How many weeks have you been unemployed?
28Número en la tabla de finca. (# in the farm table)

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Finding Puerto Rican Ancestors thru Immigrant Enslavers

Posted in Ancestry Research, Puerto Rican Ancestry, tagged , on May 6, 2024| 2 Comments »

I recently returned from a joyful trip visiting my family in Rincon, Puerto Rico.

On this trip, I brought a very early draft of my genealogy “books” to review with some close family members. I had a great time discussing the family stories I heard from my mom and learned new details about the stories and new ones.
I am also getting a lot of help from my cousins on editing since my “Spanish” grammar is not up to snuff. I am thrilled that Tia Tita, a retired Spanish teacher, will also be helping with editing!

Lesson: Want to have family members read your genealogy work? Let go of ego, and let everyone give all the input and as much rewriting advice possible.


One of the great insights I learned on this trip came from my cousin Rolando. He succinctly describes that our ancestors lived in a feudalistic society in Rincon and most of Puerto Rico. The analogy immediately made sense to me. Of course, I knew that most of my ancestors were subsistence farmers, and per the 1910 US Census of Rincon, most rented the land they lived on. I also knew that some of my ancestors were black and indigenous slaves. With Rolando’s insight, my quick internet search led me to the terms Encomienda and latifundio.

Latifundio

The latifundio system in Puerto Rico and throughout Latin America refers to the large landholdings common during the Spanish colonial period and into the early 20th century. These estates were typically owned by a few wealthy individuals or families. Tenant farmers, known as “jíbaros,” worked the estates, often living in poverty and under harsh conditions. This concentration of land ownership led to social and economic inequality, as tenant farmers had limited access to land and resources.

The origins of the latifundio system in Puerto Rico can be traced back to Spanish colonial policies that encouraged the establishment of large agricultural estates. These estates were initially used for sugar cane cultivation, a lucrative industry for the island. Over time, the latifundio system expanded to include other crops such as coffee, tobacco, and fruits.

Latifundio comes from the Latin Latifundium, which means large ancient Roman agricultural estates that employed a large number of peasant or slave laborers. So we can blame the Romans for this, not just the Spanish.

Also, note that this practice was common in Europe. The term latifundium is synonymous with other terms commonly used for large estate systems: Russia’s pomiestny, Prussia’s Junkerdom, Poland’s magnate estate, and Latin America’s hacienda (fazenda in Brazil, estancia in Argentina, fundo in Chile, finca in Bolivia and Peru). 

Encomienda

The term encomienda is a feudal term that refers to a grant of land and Native Americans or Filipinos to Spanish colonists or adventurers in the Spanish Empire’s American colonies. The term comes from the Spanish verb encomendar, which means “to entrust”

The encomienda system permitted the Spanish Crown to convert its invading army of conquistadors into colonial settlers, but the system’s flaws – maltreatment and significant population reductions from diseases – meant that it was eventually replaced by a system of low-paid labor and large estate management.

Sources

Divine Coincidence and Dr. Ferandez-Sacco

Returning from my trip inspired to do more reading and research, I started reading the latest edition of Hereditas: Revista de Genealogía Puertorriqueña, which arrived before our trip. Hereditas is a magazine published by the Puerto Rican Society of Genealogy in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Sociedad Puertoriquena de Genealogia . Back issues are available at the New York Public Library as well as through WorldCat: Hereditas: Revista de genealogía Puertorriqueña.
I support the work of the Sociedad Puertoriquena de Genealogia by being a member. As a member, you receive two editions of the Hereditas magazine yearly.

In Volume 23, I discovered the article “Reconstructing District 3’s Missing Volume of Registro de Esclavos for Northwest Puerto Rico: Part 4″ by Dr. Ellen Fernandez-Sacco, PHD. For the English-speaking Puerto Rican genealogists (like myself) you will enjoy the article in English, which provides a thorough process of how she researches the French plantation owners Laguer, Dona Luisa Navarro Doudins (Widow, Enslaver & Business woman in Aguadilla) and the Hacienda San Esteban in Ceiba Baja, Aguadilla. Fair warning, this article is dense with information, that I keep reviewing over and over to understand the details, but it is totally worth it!

My To-Dos

I will order the past Hereditas magazines for parts 1, 2, and 3 of Dr. Fernandez-Sacco’s work since I have misplaced them among my library’s hoards of books. You can order the magazines at https://genealogiapr.com/quiosco/.

In addition to reading about Dr Fernandez-Sacco’s research journey in this series, she has an impressive website, https://latinogenealogyandbeyond.com/, which provides insight into her research and a link to her publications.
Her recent blog post on PUERTO RICO LINK LIST: RESOURCES BEYOND THE REGISTRO CIVIL & US CENSUS, her most used sources.

Hope this inspires your family roots journey.

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My Genealogy Tools

Posted in Ancestry Research, tagged , on March 13, 2024| Leave a Comment »

Doing my family research of my family in Rincon, Puerto Rico has been a passion of mine for a very long time.
I want to share with you what I have used to capture information and photos to share with my family.

Research tools

All research is writing and collecting information. Having a career in data technology has helped me use my technical skills, passion for research, and family history and stories.

Family Tree Maker

I have used the Family Tree Maker software since the early 1990s, first on a Windows PC and most recently on my Mac.
I have written all my notes and copies of documents and stored them in the document. Over the years, I have had some “hiccups” with software upgrades. So, I used to update my private Ancestry.com trees. This way, I have a backup online and when I want to share with specific family members.

Ancestry.com and FamilySearch.org

Once census record images started to be digitized in the early 2000s, I could scan through the images from home online rather than spending days at the US National Archives in Seattle or the local LDS Family History Center, manually viewing microfilm rolls looking for family.
I am very grateful to the Church of Latter-day Saints for scanning and preserving so all family history buffs can find pieces of our ancestors’ past.

Why do they do this? Check out the Harvard Divinity Article: Mormons, Genetics, & Digitized Data article.

Because Mormons are passionate about researching family history for religious reasons, I am able to search for records on Ancestry.com and FamilySearch.org from Family Tree Maker.

I am careful to verify all the information I have found to make sure they are primary sources as well as validating family “stories” with facts.
I am also very mindful of privacy and ethical considerations when sharing sensitive family details to anyone.

Writing

Now that I have a lot of information on my family, I am starting my journey of writing some family history from the records and the stories of my family. Tools I use to help me write include Grammarly, Microsoft Word, and OneNote.

I am also leveraging Family Book Creator to output drafts of a “family book” to edit.

Photos

I have organized most of my family photos for the last few years by scanning, categorizing, and adding original dates and names to faces using various tools. I aim to digitize and share them with family to pass down the legacy to their families.

Photo Scanner

Last year, I purchased the Plustek Photo Scanner to scan the numerous family photos my husband recently inherited.
I save my photos to my local and cloud drive (I use iCloud) and upload them to Shutterfly.com to share with family.
I am fortunate to have scanned many photos from my mom with the help of my sister and brothers back in 2018. But this scanner has helped me scan newly found “old” photos.

Canva

Most recently, besides taking photos or scanning them, I created a calendar for photo books using Canva.
I shared the album with some family.
In 2025, I will create the site so interested family members can purchase the calendar to offset the publishing costs.

Adobe Lightroom Classic

Using Adobe Lightroom, I organized all my digital images into folders and annotated family photos with names. This helped me search photos of specific family members, compiling the images to display on their birthday month. This will also help me organize photos into family groups and share with family.

Photo Correcting

I am not gifted with photography or image-correcting skills. I do some basic photo editing with various Adobe products, like Photoshop, but I needed more help.
I discovered a photo editing app on MyHeritage.com called Reimagine. It uses artificial intelligence to auto-correct images.
It helps with some photos, but in some cases, the app got so creative that I did not recognize the real photo in the picture.

At some point, I will have some key photos professionally restored, like the photos above of my maternal grandparents from the 1940s/1950s.

Perseverance and Creativity

All these tools help me in my journey of cataloging and researching my family history, but the key tool I and we all have is to be persistent in our journey and commanding creativity to write and share the family history.

The current road block I am breaking through is writing the stories of my ancestors in sensitive, clear and truthful manner.
All families have “secrets” that they are ashamed or embarrassed about. But family history is about how as people and generations survived and grow from the painful experiences to joyful ones.
I found some interesting information from the free online RootsTech 2024 conference that has inspired my current writing.

Hope this helps you with preserving your family history!

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Family Search – Learning and Webinars

Posted in Ancestry, Ancestry Research, Family History, Puerto Rican Ancestry, Uncategorized, tagged , , on February 3, 2024| Leave a Comment »

Whether you are new to genealogy, need inspiration, or want to learn new skills, check out FamilySearch Library Classes and Webinars.

Happy Learning!!

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